|
|
| Nickel | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,16,2 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d8 4s2 |
| Ground state | 3F4 |
| Atomic Volume | 6.59 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 1.91 |
| Magnetic ordering | Ferromagnetic |
| Speed of sound | 4900 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 422.6 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 17.6 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 374.8 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 26.07 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 90.9 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 13.4 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 700 MPa |
| Mohs hardness | 4.0 |
| Vickers hardness | 638 MPa |
| Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 180 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.31 |
| Shear modulus | 76 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 200 GPa |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 7 x 10-8 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 1.095 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 5.15 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 42 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
7.635 |
| Second
|
18.168 |
| Third
|
35.17 |
| Incompatibilities | Strong acids, sulfur, selenium, wood (and other combustibles), nickel nitrate. |
| Flammability |
|
| Combustible Solid
|
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
7.47815 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
7.46089 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 20) |
8.26466 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
0.8515 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 15) |
0.8515 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 25.7) |
0.8688 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 1) |
0.941 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 1) |
0.941 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 12) |
0.762 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 25) |
0.743 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
135 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
149 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
121 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
163 pm |
| Triple covalent
|
101 pm |
| Metallic
|
124 pm |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 2 | IV | 0.69 | 0.55 | |
| IVSQ | 0.63 | 0.49 | ||
| V | 0.77 | 0.69 | E | |
| VI | 0.83 | 0.69 | R* | |
| 3 | VI (High spin) | 0.74 | 0.6 | E |
| VI (Low spin) | 0.7 | 0.56 | R* | |
| 4 | VI (Low spin) | 0.62 | 0.48 | R |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Ni+2 |
| Other
|
Ni-1, Ni0, Ni+1, Ni+3, Ni+4, Ni+6 |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
736.7 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1735.0 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
3393 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
5300 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
7280 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
10400 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
12800 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
15600 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
18600 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
21660 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 1783 | 1950 | 2154 | 2410 | 2741 | 3184 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Cubic close packed |
 |
a = 352.4 pm |
| b = 352.4 pm | |
| c = 352.4 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |